Door operator



March. 24; 1959 R. M. G. F'HlLLlPsv DOOR OPERATOR 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filedsep'zf 18, 1958 INVENTOR.

ROSS M.G. PHILLIPS March 24, 1959 Filed Sept." 16, 1953 R. M. G.PHlLLlPS DOOR OPERATOR 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG.2

INVENTOR.

ROSS M. G. PHILLIPS March 24, 1959 R. M. G. PHlLLlPs DOOR OPERATOR 3Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Sept. 16, 1953 FIG. 5

FIG. 6

INVENTOR. Ross MG. PHILLIPS United States Patent O l 2,879,058 DOOROPERATOR Ross M. G. Phillips, Sandy Hook, Conn. Application September16, 1953, Serial No. 380,468 14 Claims. (Cl. 268-59) The presentinvention relates to door operators and particularly to a new andimproved door operator for the well-known overhead type of garage door.

There are many types of garage door operators onV the market today, butthey universally embody relatively complicated structures requiringexpensive installations in order to render them operative. Prior-knownldoor operators of the type referred to include variousi types ofauxiliary carriage mechanisms that may run on-y separate tracks or onthe tracks normally employed for` the overhead door. These mechanisrnsare usually connected to the top of the door by some type of draw barmeans.

The principal object of this invention is to provide a simple, ruggedand inexpensive door operator requiring a minimum structure forinstallation purposes.

Other objects of the invention include the provisionV of a door operatorin which the electric motor and speedi reducing mechanism including thetraction element are. mountedtrigidly to the top of the door, asdistinguished' from being mounted on a separate carriage mechanism thatis connected to the top of the door by draw bar. means; the provision ofsuch a door operator that can-` be' readily rendered ineffective fromthe outside of the: garage in the event of power failure whereby thedoor can be opened manually; the provision of such a door operatorincluding a reversible electric motor rigidly attached to said door andprovided with a control circuit'- that is rendered effective to reversethe polarity of the? motor by the action of the door moving from aclosed?` will become apparent from the following specification:

and accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a sectional elevational view through a garage having anoverhead door to which the principles' of this invention have beenapplied; I

Fig. 2 is an enlarged elevational view of a portion of the structureshown in Fig. 1, but looking at the. side thereof opposite that shown inFig. l;

Fig. 3 is a plan view, partly in section, taken sub-` stantially alongthe line 3-3 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is an elevational view taken substantially along, line 4--4 ofFig. 2;

Fig. 5 is a plan View taken substantially along line 5-5 of Fig. 1; and

Fig. 6 is a sectional elevational view taken substantially along line6-6 of Pig. 5; and

Fig. 7 is a wiring diagram of certain of the components forming theinvention.

While the principles of the invention may be applied to any type ofoverhead door, they are shown and will be described as applied to agarage having a front wall 10 and a rear wall 11. A sectional overheaddoor 12 is shown in its closed positionclosing the usual car entranceopening in the front wall 10 of the garage. Alt'nough the door 12 isshown as a sectionally-hinged door, it may with equal facility be ofunitary construction of the type that is moved from closed to openposition by a kinematic linkage or such that is provided withI rollersthat run in a track. The usual door track inalong the Vertical wall 10within the garage, and it is angles thereto.

ICC

connected to a curved portion 14 joining the Vertical portion 13 to ahorizontal portion 15 spaced a determined distance from, and anchored tothe garage ceiling 16 by a bracket 17.

The door 12 of the embodiment disclosed is provided with Sections 18,19, 20 and 21. These sections are hnged together in the usual manner androllers 22, 23

and 24 are attached to the sections in a manner to.`

ride within the track portions 13, 14 and 15.

Attention is directed to Figs. 2, 3 and 4, in which a angle 26 to whichchannel 27 i is welded. The bracket 25v is mounted on the top section ofthe door 12 such that the leg of angle 26 other than that to which thechannel 27 is welded rests along the top edge of the top section 18, andis fixed to the top section 18 by through bolts 32 and 33. motor 34having a capacitor starter and a base 35 is bolted to the channel irons28 and 29 as shown iniFig.

3. The motor 34 is provided with an output shaft 36- to which is keyed aV -pulley 37 for a purpose to be described later. s

The channel irons 28 and 29 eXtend downwardly (Figs. 2 and 4) to' apoint substantially below the motor 34 and support a housing 36' adaptedto holdl aportion of the control mechanism to be described later.v

Attention is directed to Fig. 3, in which is shown another channel iron29' that is welded to the channel` irons 27 and 3h to the right of themotor 34 (Fig. 3), and an additional channel iron 38' is welded to thechannel iron 29' in a manner to extend outwardly from the top section 13of door 12 beyond the shaft 36 to a point where the centerline of theoutput shaft` 36 of the motor 34 passes through a portion of channeliron 38. A bracket 39 is adapted pivotally to be mounted on the channeliron 38 on an aXis that is coextensive with the' axis of rotation of theshaft 36. The bracket 39 is provided with a bifurcated portion 40through which a pivot pin 41 extends. The pivot pin 41 also extendsthrough a drilled hole in line with the centerline of the shaft 36 andeXtending through the channel 38, as well as a boss 42 welded to thechannel 38. This provides an adequate bearing on channel 38 to pivotallysupport the bracket 39'.

The bracket 39 is of generally L-shaped construction and includes anelongated slot 43 for receiving an axle 44 that is adjustably held in apredetermined position within the elongated slot 43 by washers 45 and 46resting on the outer edges of the bracket 39 and rigidly held thereto bya nut 47. The axle 44 supports a reduction V-pulley' assembly 48including a relatively small V-pulley 49 and.

the axle 44 within the slot 43, proper tension of the belt` 51 can beelfected to provide a suitable drive from the motor to the pulley 50.Inasmuch as the relatively small pulley 49 is integrally attached to therelatively large pulley 50, the power transmitted to the pulley 50 isautomatieally transferred to the relatively small pulley 49,`

forming part of the speed reduction gearingof Ithe present invention.

Referring to Figs. 2 and 4, a bracket 52 is pivotally li'atentedl Mar.24, 1959 A single phase induction reversingv mounted on the bracket 39at the point between the angularly-disposed legs of its L-shapedconstruction. This is accomplished by the provision of a bifurcatedportion 53 (Fig. 4) of the arm 39 adapted to receive a boss 54 of thebracket 52. A pivot pin 55 extends through the legs of bifurcatedportion 53 and through the boss 54 providing a pivotal connection forthe bracket 52. 'Ilhe free end of the bracket 52 is provided with a boss56 adapted to receive an aXle 57 that supports another pair of reductionpulleys 58 and 59. The pulley 58 is of relatively large diameter, whilethe pulley 59 is of relatively small diameter and the two are integrallyattached to each other. A V-belt 60 extends between the relatively smallpulley 49 of the unit 48 and the relatively large pulley 58.

Referring to Figs. 2 and 4, the L-shaped bracket 39 is so arranged thatin its operating position, its one leg extends vertically upwardly abovethe motor 34 and is provided With a bifurcated portion having alignedbosses 61 and 62 forming part thereof. An aXle 63 extends through thebosses 61 and 62 and supports between them a drum 64 to be describedlater. The outer end of the axle 63 has fixed to it a V-pulley 65 inline with the relatively small pulley 59 previously described. A V-belt66 extends between the relatively small pulley 59 and the pulley 65, andfrom an inspection of the drawngs, it is quite evident that the drum 64is caused to rotate at a relatively slow speed compared to that of themotor 34 and with a correspondingly high torque.

The drum 64 is of such width as to accommodate several windings of acable 67 that is rigidly attached to one of the walls of the garage byan eye 68 and to the other wall of the garage by a mechanism 69 to bedescribed later. The construction and arrangement of the speed reductionunit of the power operator are such that its weight tends to cause it topivot about the pin 41, thereby insuring an adequate traction effectbetween the cable 67 and the drum 64. It is also quite evident thatrotation of the motor 34 in one direction will cause the drum 64 to rollalong the cable 67 in one direction, thereby causing the door 12 to beopened; and, when the motor 34 is rotated in the opposite direction, thedrum 64 will roll along the cable 67 in the opposite direction to effectclosing of the door 12.

i An electrical circuit is provided for controlling the operation of thereversing motor 34. Attention is directed to Fig. 7, in which thecircuit is shown as including a pair of single-pole, double-throwmercury switches 70 and 71 that are mounted at a 45 angle relatively tothe Vertical and supported by the housing 36' on the top section 18 ofthe door 12. Normally-open contacts 72 and 73 are connected in parallelrelation with a solenoid-operated switch 74. The switches 72 and 73 maybe located on the inside and outside of the garage, respectively, andthe one on the outside of the garage could with facility be operated bya key to prevent unauthorzed use of the door operator.

A normally-closed switch 75 (Figs. 2, 4 and 7) is mounted on theL-shaped bracket 39 in position to be opened by a dog 76 adjustablyattached to the cable 67. The dog 76 is in the form of a relativelyelongated member provided with clips 77 that can effectively secure thedog 76 to the line 67 at any desirable point. There are two such dogs 76located on the cable 67 -one adjacent the door opening in the front wallof the garage; and one located on the cable 67 adjacent the bracket 17.

With the door 12 in its closed position, switches 70 and 71 in theposition shown in Fig. 7, switches 72, 73 open, and switch 75 held openby the dog 76 attached to the cable 67, closing of either switch 72 or73 causes current to flow from line L1 through a conductor 78, thencethrough solenoid 74, a conductor 79, thence through the switch 72 or 73that has been closed, thence through a conductor 80 to line L2. Thiscircuit energizes the solenoid 74, causing a normally-open switch 81 toclose, whereupon a current flows from line L2 through a conductor 82,closed switch 81, a conductor 83, thence through a conductor 84, thecontacts within mercury switch 70 that are connected by the mercurybeing in the lower portion thereof, thence through a conductor 85 to themotor 34, thence through a conductor 86 from the motor 34 to the leadsimmersed within the mercury in the mercury switch 71, thence through aconductor 87 to a conductor 88, leading to line L1. This circuit causesthe energization of the motor 34 in a manner to effect its rotation,causing counterclockwise rotation of the drum 64 (Fig. 2), therebycausing the drum and its associated mechanism including the motor 34which is rigidly attached to the top of the door 12, to move leftwardly(Fig. 2), or rightwardly (Fig. 1), which action causes the door 12 to beelevated such that the top section and the succeeding sections followthe track portions 13, 14 and 15 to a horizontal position adjacent theceiling 16. As the top section 18 moves to a horizontal position, themercury switches 70 and 71 accordingly turn through whereupon theelectrodes 89 and 90 of the respective mercury switches 70 and 71 areimmersed in the bath of mercury of the respective switches. While suchaction will cause current to flow from line L2 through conductor 82, theclosed switch 81, conductor 83, conductor 84, through the electrodes 89,thence through a conductor 91, thence through conductor 86 to the motor34, thence from the motor 34 through conductor 85, electrodes 90 in themercury switch 71, thence through a line 93, thence through conductor87, conductor 88 to line L1, which flow of current is a reversal fromthat previously described, the motor 34 will not reverse its directionof rotation due to the fact that the usual starting winding Will remainunafiected since it is disconnected as a result of the action of theconventional centrifugal switch mechanism in such motors. Accordingly,the motor 34 will not reverse until it has first stopped and has beenre-started by closing one of the switches 72 or 73. In other words, themotor 34 continues to rotate in a manner to cause counterclockwiserotation of the drum 64 even after the mercury switches 70 and 71 havebeen reversed until the motor has completely stopped. This latterstopping of the motor 34 does not occur until the drum 64 reaches thedog 76 located on the cable 67 adjacent the bracket 17 at the rear ofthe garage. When this occurs, the dog 76 near the bracket 17 opens thenormally-closed switch 75, thereby de-energizing the solenoid 74 and,consequently, causes the normally-open switch 81 to open, whereupon themotor 34 stops. When the motor 34 has stopped, with the garage door inits open position, subsequent starting of the motor 34 by closing ofeither of switches 72 or 73 causes the motor 34 to rotate in a reversedirection to cause the drum 64 to rotate in a clockwise direction.Accordingly, the drum 64 and its associated structure including themotor 34 move rightwardly along the cable 67 (Fig. 2), or leftwardly(Fig. 1) until the door 12 has been moved to its vertically-closedposition. As the door 12 moves into its vertically-closed position, themercury switches 70 and 71 are again reversed to their initial position,whereupon the motor 34 is conditioned to cause the drum 64 to rotate ina counterclockwise direction the next time either of the switches 72 or73 is closed.

From the foregoing it is evident that the mercury reversing switchesmake and break under low current conditions since their reversal occursonly after the motor 34 is rotating at full speed.

In the event of power failure it is quite evident that the frictionbetween the cable 67 and the drum 64 will prevent manual opening of thedoor 12. Accordingly, the present invention contemplates the employmentof a unique connecting mechanism 69 that supports the cable 67 at oneend of the garage. The mechanism 69 is shown in Fig. l as beingconnected to the rear of the garage, and in Fig. 2, it is shown as beingconnected to the front of the garage. Obviously, the mechanism 69 may beIocated at either the front or back of the garage without departing fromthe principlesof the invention. Attention is directed. to Figs. and 6,in which the connection 69 includes a U-shaped bracket member 94 that ispivotally mounted on a pin 95 rigidly secured in angle brackets 96 and97 that are in turn rigidly mounted on the one 'wall of the garage nearthe ceiling 16. The cable 67 is rigidly attached to a pintle pin 98located at the end of the U-shaped member 94 remote from the pivot pin95. The end of the U-shaped member 94 opposite the pin 95 is alsoprovided with an opening 99 adapted to receive a plunger 100 thatextends from a locking member 101. The looking member 101 is rigidlymounted within a sleeve 101' that passes through the wall of the garageand extends to the exterior Iflhereof. The locking member 101 includes aportion 102 provided with a key insert. The portion- 102 is quitesimilar to the conventional file cabinet lock, the unlocking of whichcauses it to spring outwardly and which, when pressed inwardly,eifectively looks. The portion 102 is fixed to the plunger 101, and a.protective cap 103 is provided for covering the portion 102 extendingexteriorly. of the garage to prevent ice forming on it. The constructionand arrangement of the parts are suoh that by one's inserting a keywithin the portion 102 and turning it releases the portion 102'so thatit moves outwa'rdly sufficiently to permit an operator to grasp it andforcibly extract the plunger 100 from the hole 99 within the end of theU-shaped member 94. When this occurs, the force on the cable 67 by thedrum 64' and its associated mechanism immediately causes the U-slhapedmember 94 to pivot about the pin 95 in a counterclockwise direction(Fig. 6), thereby slackening the cable 67 to such a point that thetraction between it and the drum 64 is eliminated, whereupon the door 12can manually be raised. It is quite evident that U-shaped member 94 canbe re-set by one`s pivoting it in a clockwise direction (Fig. 6) aboutthe pivot 95 to a point where the members 101 and 102 can be forcedinwardly such that the plunger 100 cooperates with the hole within theU-shaped member 94.

Although the various features of the invention have been shown anddescribed as applied to one embodiment of the invention, it is evidentthat certain features may be used without others without departing fromthe principles of the invention.

What is clairned is:

1. In an overhead door construction, a door; verticallydisposed trackmeans joined to horizontally-disposed track means for guiding said doorfrom a verticallyclosed position to a horizontally-open overheadposition; a. non-hinged rigid frame member bolted to said door; meansfor opening andclosing said door including a reversible electric motorhaving a base mounted on, and rigidly bolted to said frame member; aspeed transmission unit pivotally mounted on said frame member; meansfor tractionally cooperating with said speed transmission unit to causesaid door to move from a verticallyclosed position to ahorizontally-open position; and means for energizing and de-energizingsaid electric motor.

2. In an overhead type of door construction, a door; vertically-disposedtrack means joined to horizontallydisposed track means for guiding saiddoor 'from a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open overheadposition; a rigid frame member bolted to the top of said door; areversible electric motor including a base rigidly fixed to said framestructure; a speed reduction unit pivotally mounted on said rigid framestructure on an aXis coaxial with the axis of rotation of saidreversible electric motor; means adapted tractionally to cooperate withsaid speed-reduction unit to cause said door to move from avertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position; and meansfor energizing and de-energizing said electric motor.

3. In an overhead type of door construction,.means for guiding said doorfrom a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position;power-operated actuator means for opening and closing said doorincludingl a rigid frame structure fixed to the. top of said door; areversible electric motor having a base adapted rigidly to be fixed tosaid rigid frame member; a bracket pivotally mounted on said rigid framestructure on an axis coaxial with the axis of rotation of saidreversible electric motor; a plurality of stepped V-pulley assembliesmounted on said bracket; V-belts connecting all of said pulleys in amanner to produce successive reductions of speed from one set of steppedV-pulleys to the other; a combined `.''-pulley and drum mounted on saidbracket of said speed reduction unit; a V-belt drive from one of saidstepped V-pulley assemblies to the V-pulley attached to said drum; acable in traction engagement with said drum; and' means for energizingand deenergizing said electric motor.

4; In an overhead type of door construction, a door; vertically-disposedtrack means joined to horizontallydisposed track means for guiding saiddoor from a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open overheadposition; means for opening and closing said door including a reversibleelectric motor mounted on, andV rigidly attached to said door; a speedreduction unit mounted on said door; a drum forming part of said speedreduction unit; a cable adapted tractionally to cooperate with saiddrum; a dog attached to said cable; means for energizing said electricmotor; and means movable with said speed reduction unit and cooperablewith saidv dog for de-energizing said electric motor.

5. In a garage, an overhead type of door; means for guiding said door'from a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position;power-operated actuator means for opening and closing said doorincluding a rigid frame structure bolted to the top of said door; areversible electric motor including a base rigidly attached to saidrigid frame structure; a speed reducer unit pivotally mounted to saidrigid frame on an axis coextensive with the axis of rotation of saidelectric motor; a drum forming part of said speed reduction unit; acable adapted tractionally to cooperate with said drum; means forenergizing and de-energizing said electric motor; and pivotally-mountedmeans adapted to be pivoted from one operative position to anotheroperative position each time said 'door is operated to recondition saidmotor to cause it to rotate in the correct direction for the nextsuccessive movement of said door.

6. In a garage, an overhead type of door; means for guiding said doorfrom a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position;power-operated actuator means for opening and closing said doorincluding a reversible electric motor mounted on and rigidly attached tosaid door; a speed reduction unit mounted on said door; traction meansadapted to cooperate with said speed-reduction unit; dog meansadjustably attached to said traction means; a circuit for controllingthe operation of said reversible electric motor including a pair ofsingle-pole, double-throw mercury switches mounted on said door in aposition to connect the electrodes at opposite ends of said switcheswhen said door is in its two positions of rest; a normally-closed switchmounted on said speed reducing unit and adapted to be opened by the dogmeans on said traction means; and means for energizing said Circuit fromthe outside as well as the inside of said garage.

'7. In a garage, an overhead type of door; verticallyf 'disposed trackmeans joined to horizontally-disposed track means for guiding said doorfrom a verticallyclosed position to a horizontally-open overheadposition;

means for opening and closing said door including a rcversible electricmotor; a speed reduction unit driven by' said cable under tension andmeans for temporarily relieving the tension of said cable to therebyrender said traction means inoperative in the event of failure of power,whereby said door can manually be opened.

8. In a garage, an overhead type of door; means for guiding said doorfrom a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position;power-operated actuator means for opening and closing said doorincluding a reversible electric motor mounted on and rigidly attached tosaid door; a speed reduction unit mounted on said door; a drum formingpart of said speed reduction unit; a cable adapted tractionally tocooperate with said drum; means for energizing and de-energizing saidelectric motor; toggle means connected to said cable for maintainng saidcable under tension; and means operable from the outside of said garagefor releasing said toggle means in the event power fails, whereby saiddoor can be manually opened.

9. In a garage, an overhead type of door; verticallydisposed track meansjoined to horizontally-disposed track means for guiding said door from averticallyclosed position to a horizontally-open overhead position;means for opening and closing said door including a reversible electricmotor; a speed reduction unit adapted to be operated by said reversibleelectric motor; a cable adapted tractionally to cooperate with saidspeed reduction unit; pivotally-mounted ibell-crank supporting means forone end of said cable; and key means operable from the exterior of saidgarage for tripping said pivotally-mounted bell-crank supporting-means,whereby said cable is slackened and said door is adapted manually to beopened.

10. In a garage, an overhead type of door; verticallydisposed trackmeans joined to horzontally-disposed track means for guiding said doorfrom a verticallyclosed position to a horizontally-open overheadposition; means for opening and closing said door including a reversibleelectric motor mounted on and rigidly attached to said door; a speedreduction unit mounted on said door; a drum forming part of said speedreduction unit; a cable adapted tractionally to cooperate with saiddrum; means for energizing and de-energizing said electric motor; meanswithin the circuit of said electric motor, responsive to the restpositions of said door for reconditionng said motor to cause it torotate in a direction to move the door in the correct direction for eachsucceeding operation thereof; and toggle means forming one support forsaid cable and adapted to be released upon actuation of releasingmechanism mounted on the exterior of said garage and cooperable withsaid togglemeans. I

ll. In a garage having a ceiling, an overhead type of door;vertically-disposed track means joined to horizontally-disposed trackmeans for guiding said door from a vertically-closed position to ahorizontally-open overhead position; means for opening and closing saiddoor including a reversible electric motor mounted on and rigidlyattached to said door; a speed reduction unit mounted on said door; adrum forming part of Said speed reduction unit; a cable adaptedtractionally to cooperate with said drum; means for supporting saidcable in spaced parallel relationship with said ceiling; means forenergizing and de-energizing said electric motor; means within thecircuit of said electric motor, responsive to the rest positions of saiddoor for reconditioning said motor to cause it to rotate in a directionto move the door in the correct direction for its next successiveoperation; pivotally-mounted means for supporting one end of said cable;re-settable means for maintaining said pivotally-mounted means in aposition to maintain said cable in taut condition; and means renderedeffective from the exterior of said garage and cooperable with saidre-settable means for releasing said pivotallymounted cable supportingmeans, whereby the tautness of said cable is removed, and said door isadapted` manually to be opened.

12. In a garage having a ceiling, on overhead type of door; means forguiding said door from a verticallyclosed position toa.horizontally-open position; poweroperated actuator means for openingand closing said door including a reversible electric motor mounted onand rigidly attached to said door; a speed reduction unit mounted onsaid door; a drum forming part of saidl speed reduction unit; a cablemounted in slightly spaced parallel relationship relatively to saidceiling, and adapted tractionally to cooperate with said drum; means forenergizing and de-energizing said electric motor; a pair of single-pole,double-throw mercury switches forming part of the energizing andde-energizing means and adapted to be rendered effective to reconditionsaid motor for the reversal thereof upon the actuation of said door fromits one position to its other position; pivotally-mounted means adaptedto support one end of said cable in taut condition; means adapted torelease said pivotally-mounted cable supporting means; and keyoperatedmeans on the exterior of said garage adapted to render said releasingmechanism effective.

13. In a garage, an overhead type of door; means for guiding said doorfrom a vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position;power-operated actuator means for opening and closing said doorincluding a reversible electric motor mounted on and rigidly attached tosaid door; a speed reduction unit mounted on said door; traction meansforming part of said reduction unit; cable means adapted tractionally tocooperate with said traction means; adjustable dog means mounted on saidcable means; means for energizing and de-energizing said electric motorincluding means adapted to be rendered effective from the exterior orthe interior of said garage; a normally closed switch mounted on saidspeed reduction means and adapted to be opened by said dog means on saidcable means; a pair of single-pole, doublethrow mercury switches mountedon said door in a manner to cause current to flow through said circuitto said reversing motor to cause it to rotate in one direction when saiddoor is in its vertically-closed position, and to be actuated by theopening of said door to recondition said reversing motor Whereby it willrotate in a reverse direction upon the next successive operation of saidenergizing means.

14. In an overhead type of door construction, a door;vertically-disposed track means joined to horizontallydisposed trackmeans for guiding said door from a vertically-closed position to ahorizontally-open overhead position; a rigid frame member bolted to saiddoor; a reversible electric motor including a base rigidly fixed to saidframe member; a transmission unit including a rotatable power inputpivotally mounted on said rigid frame structure in cooperating positionrelatively to said reversible electric motor; means adapted tractionallyto cooperate with said transmission unit to cause said door to move froma vertically-closed position to a horizontally-open position; and meansfor energizing and deenergizing said electric motor.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS

